Tadalafil gehört zur Gruppe der PDE5-Hemmer und wirkt über eine hochselektive Blockade des Enzyms Phosphodiesterase Typ 5. Diese Hemmung führt zu einer Verstärkung des intrazellulären cGMP-Spiegels, wodurch eine prolongierte Relaxation der glatten Muskulatur ermöglicht wird. Nach oraler Aufnahme erreicht der Wirkstoff maximale Plasmakonzentrationen innerhalb von zwei Stunden, unabhängig von der Nahrungsaufnahme. Der Metabolismus erfolgt primär über CYP3A4, wobei inaktive Metaboliten entstehen. Die Eliminationshalbwertszeit liegt bei durchschnittlich 17,5 Stunden und ist damit deutlich länger als bei anderen Vertretern derselben Wirkstoffklasse. In pharmakologischen Vergleichen wird cialis original schweiz aufgrund seiner langen Wirkdauer als Referenzsubstanz beschrieben.

Wissenschaftl. studien aminosäuren

Wissenschaftliche Studien zur
Wirkungsweise von Aminosäuren
für Arthrose und Osteoporose
1. Amman, Laib, Bonjour et al. (2002): Dietary essential aminoacid supplements increase tue bone mass & bone microarchitecture in an isocaloric low-Protein diet. Bone Mineral Research 2002 2. Wil iams, J.Z., Abumrad, N. & Barbul, A. (2002): Effect of a Specialized Amino Acid Mixture on Human Col agen Deposition. Annals of Surgery, Volume 236, issue 3, (pp. 369 - 375). 3. Harrington, W. F. & von Hippel, P. (1961): The structure of col agen and gelatin. Advanced Protein Chemistrym issue 16, (pp. 1 - 138) 4. Ahmed, H.H., El-Aziem, S.H.A., Abdel-Wahab, M.A. (2008): Potential of cysteine and me- thionine in the protection against hormonel imbalance and mutagenicity induced by furazoli- done. Toxicology, Volume 243, isuue 1-2, (pp. 31-42) 5. De Paz Lugo, P. (2006): Estimulaciòn de la Sintesis de Colàgeno en Cultivo Celulares - Posible Tratamiento de Enfermedades Degenerativas Medianta la Dieta. Editorial de las Univsersidad de Granada, Granada. 6. Torricelli, P., Fini, M., Giavaresi, G. Giardino, R. (2003): Human Osteopenic Bone? Derived Osteoblasts: Essential Amino Acids Treatment Effects Artificial Cells. Blood Substitutes and Biotechnology, Vol. 31, issue 1, (pp.35-46) 7. Visser, J.J. & Hoekman, K. (1994): Arginine supplementation in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Med Hypthesis, Volume 43 (pp. 339 -342) 8. Sul indor-Ma, M. Ivy, C.L., Isenhart, A.C. (2008): Nutrition and Supplements for Pain. Management Contemporary Pain Medicine (pp. 417 - 445) www.greenforce.cc
für das Immunsystem
1. Barbul, A., Lazarou, S.A., Efron, D.T., Wasserkrug, H.L. & Efron, G. (1990): Arginine enhances wound healing and lymphocyte immune responses. Humans Surgery, Volume 108, issue 2, (pp. 331- 336) 2. Helen, A., Krishnakumar, K., Vijayammal, P.L. & Augusti, K.T. (2003): A Comparative Study of Antioxidants S-Allyl Cysteine Sulfoxide and Vitamin E on tue Damages Induced by Nicotine. Pharmacology, Vol. 67, issue 3, (pp. 113 - 117) 3. Palloshi, A., Fragasso, G., Piatti, P., Monti, L.D. et al. (2004): Effect of Oral L-arginine on Blood Pressure and Symptoms and Endothelial Function in Patients wich Systematic Hyper- extension, Positive Exercise Tests, and Normal Coronary Arteries. The American Journal of Cardiology, Volume 93 (pp. 933 - 935) 4. Bowtell, J. L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M.L. et al. (1999): Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from exhaustive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 86, issur 6, (pp. 1770 - 1777) 5. Kasai, K., Kobayashi, M. & Shimoda, S.I. (1978): Stimulatory effect of glycine on human growth hormone secretion. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental, Volume 27, issue 2, (pp. 201 - 208) 6. Castell, L. M., Newsholme E.A. (1998): Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response. Can Journal Physiol Pharmacol 76: pp. 524-532 7. Dröge, W., Eck, H.P., Gander, H., Mihm S. (1991): Modulation of lymphocyte functions and immune responses by cysteine and cysteine derivates. Am J Med 91: pp. 140S - 144S (suppl 3C) 8. Barbul, A., Sisto, D. A., Wasserkrug, H.L., Efron, G. (1981): Arginine stimulates immune response in healthy human beings. Surgery 90: p. 244 9. Barbul, A., Wasserkrug, H.L., Yoshimura, N. Tao, R., Efron, G. (1984): High arginine levels in intravenous hyperalimentation abrogate post-traumatic immune supression. Journal Of Surgical Research 36: P. 620ff 10.Castell, L.M., Poortmans, J.R., Newsholme, E.A. (1996): Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes? Eur J Appl Physiol 73: pp. 488-490 www.greenforce.cc
für Anti-Aging
1. Curthoys, N. P. & Watford, M. (1995): Regulation of Glutaminase Activity and Glutamine Metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 15, (pp. 133 - 159) 2. Wu, G.A.B., Meininger, C.J., Knabe, D.A., Baze, F.W.A. & Rhoads, J.M. (2000): Arginine nutrition in development, health and disease. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Meta- bolic Care, Volume 3, issue 1, (pp. 59-66) 3. Welbourne, T.C. (1995): Increased plasma bikarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load. The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 61, issue 5, (pp. 1058- 1061) 4. Wil iams, J.Z., Abumrad, N. & Barbul, A. (2002): Effect of a Specialized Amino Acid Mix- ture on Human Col agen Deposition. Annals of Surgery, Volume 236, issue 3, (pp. 369-375) 5. Zeibig, J., Karlic, H., Lohninger, A., Dumsgaard, R. & S.: (2005): Do Blood Cel s Mimic Gene Expression Profile Alterations Known to Occur in Muscular Adaption in Enduranced Training? European Journal of Applied Physiologics, issue 95, (pp. 96 - 104) 6. Haneke, E. & Baran, R. (2011): Micronutrients for Hair and Nails Nutrition. Healthy skin, Volume 2, (pp. 149-163) 7. Alonso, L. & Fuchs, E. (2006): The hair cycle. Journal of Cell Science, issue 119 (pp. 391-393) 8. Kirk, S.J., Hurson, M.,C. et al. (1993): Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly human beings. Surgery 114: 155-160 9. Hurson, M., Regan M.C., Kirk, S.J., Wasserkrug, H.L., Barbul, A. (1995): Metabolic effects of arginine in a healthy elderly Population. JPEN Journal Parenter Enteral Nutrition 19(3): pp. 227-230 10. Freyssenet, D., Berthon, P., Denis, C. et al. (1996): Effect of a 6-week-endurance Training programme and branched-chain amino acid supplementation on histomorphometric characteristics of aged human muscle. Archive Physiol Biochem 104: pp. 157-162 www.greenforce.cc
für Stimmung, Schlaf und Lebensfreude
1. Young, L.S., Bye, R., Scheltinga, M., Ziegler, T.R. et al. (1993): Patients Receiving Glutamine-Supplemented Intravenous. Feedings Report an Improvement in Mood Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Volume 17, Issue 5, (pp. 422 - 427) 2. Hasler, G., Van der Veen, J.W., Tumonis, T. et al. (2007): Reduced Prefrontal Glutamate/ Glutamine an -Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Major Depression Determined Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry, Volume 64, issue2, (pp. 193-200) 3. Hertz, L., Kvamme, E., McGeer, E.G., & Shousboe, A. (1983): Glutamine, Glutamate, and Gaba in tue Central Nervous System. Alan R Liss Inc., New York 4. Lavie, L., Hafetz, A., Luboshitzky, R. & Lavie, P. (2003): Plasma levels of nitric oxide and L-arginine in sleep apnea patients. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, Volume 21, issue 1, (pp. 57-63) 5. Yamadera, W., Inagawa, K., Chiba, S., Bannai, Takahashi, M. & Nakayama, K. (2007): Glycine ingestion improves subjektive sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating wich Polysomnographic changes. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, Volume 5, issue 2, (pp. 126-131) 6. Arwert, L.I., Deijen, J.B. & Drent, M.L. (2003): Effects of an oral mixture containing glycine, glutamine and niacin on memory, GH and IGF-I secretion in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Nutritional Neuroscience, Volume 6, issue 5, (pp. 269-275) 7. Ohtsuka, Y., Nakaya, J. (2000): Effect of oral Administration of L-arginine on senile dementia. Am J Med, Volume 108, (p.439) 8. Giovanni, R., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Muscari, A. et al. (2003): Homocysteine and cognitive function in healthy elderly community dwel ers in Italy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 77, Issue 3, (pp. 668-673) 9. Soulairac, A., Lambinet, H. (1977): Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan, a serotonin precursor, on sleep disorders. Ann Med Psychol 1: pp. 792-798 10. Wyatt R.J., Zarcone, V., Engelmann, K. et al. (1971): Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on the sleep of normal human subjects. Electroencephalography Clin Neurophysiol 30: p. 505 www.greenforce.cc
für Fettverbrennung und Abnehmen
1. Rudman, D., Feller, A.G., Kohn, L., Shetty, K.R., Rudman, I.W. & Draper, M.W. (1991): Effects of human growth hormone on body composition. Hormon research, Volume 36 Supplement 1, (pp. 73-81) 2. Merimee, T.J., Lil icrap, D.A. & Rabinowitz, D. (1965): Effect of arginine on serums-Levels of human growth-hormone. Lancet, volume 2, issue 7414. (pp. 668-670) 3. Wil iams, J.Z., Abumrad, N. & Barbul, A. (2002): Effect of a Specialized Amino Acid Mixture on Human Collagen Deposition. Annals of Surgery, Volume 236, issue 3, (pp. 369-375) 4. Kasai, K., Kobayashi, M. & Shimoda, S.I. (1978): Stimulatory Effekt of glycine on human growth hormone secretion. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental, Volume 27, issue 2, (pp. 201-208) 5. Prada, P.O., Hirabara, S.M., de Souza, C.T., Schenka, A.A. et al. (2007): L-Glutamine supple- mentation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signal ing in live and muscle with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia, Volume 50, issue 9, (pp. 149-159) 6. Chang, TW. (1978): Leucine inhibits oxidation of glucose and pyruvate in skeletal muscle during fasting. J Biol Chem. 253 (10): (pp. 3696-3701) 7. Ceci, F., Cangiano, C. et al. (1989): The effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjects. Journal Neural Transm 76(2): pp. 109-117 8. Cangiano, C. et al. (1992): Eating behavior and adherence of dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J Clin Nutr 56(5): pp. 863-867 9. Elam, R.P., Hardin D.H., Sutton, R.A., Hagen, L. (1989): Effects of arginine and ornithine on strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxyproline in adult males. Journal Sports Med Phys Fitness; 29(1): 52-6 10. Jacobsen, B. (1990): Effect of amino acids on growth hormon release. Physician Sportsmed; 18(1): pp. 63-70 www.greenforce.cc
für Potenz und Libido


1. Chen, I., Wol man, Y., Chernichovsky, T., Iaina, A., Sofer, M. & Matzkin, H. (2001):
Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor l-arginine in men with organic
erektile dysfunction: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-control ed study.
BJU International, Volume 83, issue 3, (pp. 269-273)
2. Wolf, A., Zalpour, C., Theilmeier, G., Wang, B.Y., Ma, A., et al. (1996): Dietary L-Arginine
Supplementation Normalizes Platelet Aggregation in Hypercholesterolemic Humans.
Clinical
Studies, The American Col ege of Cardiology
3. Moody, J.A., Vernet, D., Laidlaw, S., Rajfer, J. & Gonzalez-Cadavid, F. (1997): Effects of
long-term oral administration of L-arginine on the erectile response. The Journal of
Urology,
Volume 158, (pp. 942-947)
4. Chauhan, A., More, R.S., Mul lins, P.A., Taylor, G., Petch, M.C. & Schofield, P.M. (1996):
Aging-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans is Reversed by L-Arginine. Journal of
American College of Cardiology, Volume 28, issue 7, (pp. 1796-1804)
5. Palloshi, A., Fragasso, G., Piatti, P., Monti, L.D. et al. (2004): Effect of Oral L-arginine on
Blood
Pressure and Symptoms and Endothelial Function in Patients with Systemic
Hypertension,
Positive Exercise Tests, and Normal Coronary Arteries. The American Journal of
Cardiology,
Volume 93 (pp. 933-935)
6. Wu, G.A.B., Meininger, C.J., Knabe, D.A., Baze, F.W.A. & Rhoads, J.M. (2000):
Arginine nutrition in development, health and disease. Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care,
Volume3, issue 1, (pp.59-66)
7. Aydin, S., Inci, O., Alagol, B. (1995): The role of arginine, indomethacin and kal ikrein in
the treatment of oligoasthenospermia. Int Urol Nephrol 27(2): 199-202
8. Damrau, F. (1962): Benign prostatic hypertrophy: amino acid therapy for symptomatic
relief.
J Am Geriatric Soc 10(5): pp. 426-430
9. Smith, S.D., Wheeler, M.A. et al. (1997): Improvement in interstitial cystitis symptom scores
during treatment wich oral L-arginine. Journal Urol 158: pp. 703-708
10. Cartledge, J. Minhas, S., Eardley I. (2001): The role of nitric oxide in penile erection.
Expert Opin Pharmacother 2(1): pp. 95-107
www.greenforce.cc
für die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit

1. Walsh, N.P. et al. (1998): The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on the plasma
concentration of glutamine and organic acids. Eur J Appl Physiol 77: pp. 434-438
2. Maughan, R.J., Sadler, D.J. (1983): The effects of oral administration of salts of aspartic
acid on the metabolic response to prolonged exhausting exercise in man. Int J Sports Med
4: pp. 119-123
3. Tuttle, J.L., Potteiger, J.A., Evans, B.W. et al. (1995): Effect of acute potassium-magnesium
aspartate supplementation on ammonia concentrations during and after resistance
training.
Int J Sport Nutr 5: pp. 102-109
4. De Haan, A., van Doorn, J.E., Westra, H.G. (1985): Effects of potassium + magnesium
aspar-
tate on muscle metabolism and force development during short intensive static exercise.
Int J Sports Med 6: pp. 44-49
5. Van Hall, G., Saris, W.H., van de Schoor, P.A., Wagenmakers, A.J. (2000): The effect of
free glutamine and peptide ingestion on tue rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis in man.
Int J Sports Med 21(1): pp. 25-30
6. Bowtell, J.L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M.L., Patel, A., Simeoni, M., Rennie, M.J. (1999):
Effect of oral glutamine on whole body carbohydrate storage during recovery from
exhaustive exercise. J Appl Physiol 86(6): pp. 1770-1777
7. Blomstrand, E., Hassmen, P., Ekblom, B. et al. (1991): Administration of branched-chain
amino acids during sustained exercise-effects on performance and on plasma concentration
of some amino acids. Eur J Appl Physiol 63: pp. 83-88
8. Suminski, R.R., Robertson, R.J., Goss, F.L. et al. (1997): Acute effect of amino acid ingestion
and resistance exercise on plasma growth hormone concentration in young men. Int J Sport
Nutr 7: pp. 48-60
9. Jacobsen, B. (1990): Effect of amino acids on growth hormone release. Physician
Sportsmed
18(1): pp. 63-70
10. Elam, R.P., Hardin, D.H., Sutton, R.A., Hagen, L. (1989): Effects of arginine and ornithine
on
strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxiproline an adelt males. J Sports Med Phys
Fitness.
29(1): 52-6
www.greenforce.cc
für die Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit
1. Madsen, K., MacLean, D.A., Kiens, B. et al. (1996): Effects of glucose, glucose plus branched-chain amino acids, or placebo on bike performance over 100km. J Appl Physiol 81: pp.2644-2650 2. Schena, F., Guerrini, F., Trenaghi, P. et al. (1992): Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during trekking at high altitude. The effects on loss of body mass, body composition, and muscle power. Eur J Appl Physiol 65: pp. 394-398 3. Davis, J.M., Welsh, R.S., De Volve, K.L., Alderson, N.A. (1999): Effects of branched-chain amino acids and carbohydrate on fatigue during intermittent, high-intensity running. Int J Sports Med 20: pp. 309-314 4. Vukovich, M.D., Sharp, R.L., Kesl, L.D. et al. (1997): Effects of low-dose amino acid supplement on adaptations to cycling training in untrained individuals. Int J Sport Nutr 7: pp.298-309 5. Hassmèn, P., Blomstrand, E., Ekblom, B., Newsholme, E.A. (1994): Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during 30-km competitive rund: mood and cognitive performance. Nutrition 10: pp. 405-410 6. Colombani, P.C., Bitzi, R., Rindova, P., Frey, W., Arnold, M. et al. (1999): Chronic arginine aspartate supplementation in runners reduces total plasma amino acid level at rest and during a marathon run. Eur J Nutr 12,38: 6, 263-270 7. Schmidt, P., Gleispach, H., Wolf, W., Pressenhofer, H., Schwaberger, G. (1980): Leistungsbeeinflussung und Stoffwechselveränderungen während einer Langzeitbelastung unter Argininaspartat. Leistungssport 6: 486ff. 8.Wesson, M., McNaughton, L., Davies, P. et al. (1988): Effects of oral administration of aspartic acid salts on the endurance capacity of trained subjects. Res Quart Exer Sport 59: pp. 234-236 9. Reynolds, J.V., Daly, J.M., Zhang, S., Evantash, E. et al. (1988): Immunomodolatory mechanisms of arginine. Surgery 104(2): pp. 142-151 10. Hagan, R.D., Upton, S.J., Duncan, J.J. et al. (1982): Absence of effect of potassium-magnesium aspartate on physiologic responses to prolonged work in aerobical y trained men. Int J Sports Med 3: pp. 177-181 www.greenforce.cc
für Mirgräne und Kopfschmerz
1. Kimball, R.W., Friedmann, A.P., Vallejo, E. (1960): Effect of serotonin in migraine patents. Neurology 10: pp. 107-111 2. Maissen, C.P., Ludin, H.P. (1991): Comparison of the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and pronatrolol in the interval treatment of migraine. Schweiz Med Wochenschrift 121: pp. 1585-1590 3. Nicolodi, M., Sicuteri, F. (1996): Fibromyalgia and migraine, two faces of the same mechanism. Serotonin as the common clue for pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 398: 373-379 4. Titus, F., Davalos, A., Alom, J, Codina, A. (1986): 5-Hydroxitryptophan versus methysergid in the prophylaxis of migraine. Randomized clinical trial. Eur Neurol 25: pp. 327 - 329 5. Bono, G., Criscuoli, M., Martignoni, E. et al. (1982): Serotonin precursors in migraine prophylaxis. Adv Neurol 33: pp. 357 - 363 6. Longo, G., Rudoi, I., Iannucelli, M. et al. (1984): Treatment of essential headache in develop mental age with L-5-HTTP. Cross oder double-blind study versus placebo. Pediatr Med Chir 6: pp. 241 -245 7. De Benedittis, G., Massei, R., (1985): Serotonin percursors in chronic primary headache. A double-blind cross-oder study wich L-5-hydroxytryptophan vs. placebo. J Neurosurg Sci 29: pp. 239 - 248 www.greenforce.cc

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