Determination of Fluoxetine and its major active metabolite, Norfluoxetine, in sewage sludge by HPLC-UV and LC-MS after Pressurized liquid extraction
One of the key issues in wastewater studies is the emerging problem of micro- pollutants such as pharmaceutically active contaminants, plastic additives, hormones, etc. Two interesting pharmaceutical compounds are Fluoxetine and its metabolite Norfluoxetine. Fluoxetine is a the active ingredient in ProzacTM . These contaminants normally have low concentrations in water, but it is valuable to know the environmental fate and the ecological impact of these highly biologically active compounds. In this project, a modern extraction technique, Pressurized Liquid Extraction, was applied to extract these compounds from sewage sludge from the Källby sewage treatment plant in Lund. The actual determination of the target compounds was made by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, which is the most sensitive and selective techniques available for the purpose. This is a part of a larger project aiming at studies of the chemical fate of drug residues in the sewage treatment process. The result is that the compounds in questions indeed can be found in the sludge from the sewage treatment plant in concentrations around and below 1 μg/g. The limit of detection was 0.06 μg/g. This is in agreement with international observations. Advisor: Jan Åke Jönsson Degree project 30 credits in Analytical Chemistry 2009 Department of Chemistry., Lund University Imanol González Burguera
Determination of Fluoxetine and its major active metabolite, Norfluoxetine, in sewage sludge by HPLC-UV and LC-MS after Pressurized liquid extraction
In this report, a method has been developed for quantification of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in the sludge of a wastewater treatment plant. The sample preparation has been done by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and concentration in a rotavapor. Before the analysis a cleanup with solid phase extraction (SPE) by MCX Oasis® cartridge was done. Finally the analysis was carried out by HPLC/UV to determine that fluoxetine and norfluoxetine appear in the sewage sludge. To validate their presence another analysis was carried out by LC/MS. With the HPLC-UV method, we calculate their concentrations, which were 1.3 μg/g for fluoxetine and 1.4 μg/g for norfluoxetine. Recoveries for both cases were close to 100%. With LC-MS the results were somewhat lower, probably due to less interference from other compounds in the sludge: The fluoxetine concentration was 0.2 μg/g and for norfluoxetine 0.4 μg/g. The limit of detection was 0.06 μg/g. So, with these results we can say that these two compounds are present in the sewage sludge. Advisor: Jan Åke Jönsson Degree project 30 credits in Analytical Chemistry 2009 Department of Chemistry., Lund University
HAND INFECTIONS: GENERAL INFORMATION KEY FIGURE: Hand infections are relatively common problems. Seemingly minor in-juries can sometimes lead to significant infections. Proper treatment isvital to prevent long-term disability. Cellulitis vs. Abscess Cellulitis is a diffuse infection of the soft tissues. No localized area of pus can be drained. The affected area is described as indur
International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices 2012, Vol.3, Issue 4, 429-433. Role of Bisoprolol Adding oo Ace Inhibitor and Fu rosemide Combination on the Left Ventr icular Function in Systolic Heart Failure Patients Efta T riastuti 1*, Dadang Hendrawan2, Muha mmad Saifurrohman 3 1Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Braw ijaya University, Malang