Tadalafil gehört zur Gruppe der PDE5-Hemmer und wirkt über eine hochselektive Blockade des Enzyms Phosphodiesterase Typ 5. Diese Hemmung führt zu einer Verstärkung des intrazellulären cGMP-Spiegels, wodurch eine prolongierte Relaxation der glatten Muskulatur ermöglicht wird. Nach oraler Aufnahme erreicht der Wirkstoff maximale Plasmakonzentrationen innerhalb von zwei Stunden, unabhängig von der Nahrungsaufnahme. Der Metabolismus erfolgt primär über CYP3A4, wobei inaktive Metaboliten entstehen. Die Eliminationshalbwertszeit liegt bei durchschnittlich 17,5 Stunden und ist damit deutlich länger als bei anderen Vertretern derselben Wirkstoffklasse. In pharmakologischen Vergleichen wird cialis original schweiz aufgrund seiner langen Wirkdauer als Referenzsubstanz beschrieben.

Microsoft word - agricultural sciences p1 feb-march 2011 memo eng.doc

NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P1
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2011
MEMORANDUM

MARKS: 150

This memorandum consists of 9 pages.
SECTION A

QUESTION 1.1
QUESTION 1.3
1.3.1 Proventriculus/glandular stomach √√
X√√ D
X√√ C D 1.3.3
X√√ C D
production unit √√
X√√ B C D
1.3.4 Quarantine station √√
X√√ B C D 1.3.5 Testes √√
X√√ D
QUESTION 1.2
QUESTION 1.4
1.4.2 Shed/shelter/enclosure/housing/tree TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2

2.1
The passage/movement of food in the alimentary canal Name of the specific food mixed with saliva The process of moving down the food in the alimentary canal • Peristalsis√
Name of the enzyme found in the food/bolus. The chemical change created by ptyalin/salivary amylase Breaks down/converts/changes starch/polysaccharides √ into
maltose √
Diagrams of digestive systems of farm animals
A: Rumen √
B: Omasum √
C: Abomasum √
Diagram 2 √ and
Small structures/compartments √
Undeveloped structures/compartments/rumen not developed √
Roughage/hay √
Water √
The young ruminant stomachs/rumen/reticulo-rumen are not yet developed √ and do not have the ability to digest cellulose √
Milk is a liquid and water intake will influence the quantities of milk intake/animal should not be thirsty or too full with water or oversupplied with water √
Urea as a NPN source
In the season when the pastures are dry/winter in summer rainfall area/summer in winter-rainfall area/during droughts √
The plants are pale and not green – no chlorophyll or other components that are rich in protein √
Nitrogen √
Supplied to supplement feed components/vitamins/proteins/ minerals/carbohydrates √
that are not sufficiently available to the animal √
To improve the growth of the animal √
To improve the production of the animal √ (Any 2)
Urea should be hydrolysed √
Lucerne pasture
− %DP √
= 1:4,8√
Not suitable √ and
The ratio is below 1 : 6 √
Lucerne is a good protein source/rich in proteins √
It is more expensive than other sources of carbohydrates which can rather be used for fattening purposes √ (Any 2)
The digestibility of younger plants are higher/at this stage the plant has a high digestibility √
The plants has plenty of green nutritious leaves/has a higher protein value at this stage √
The plants are still succulent/herbaceous √ (Any 1)
Ratio in which feeds are mixed
Maize meal 9% 13 parts √

Peanut-oilcake meal 38% 16 parts √
Ratio: 13 :16 √
or
13 parts maize meal mixed with 16 parts peanut-oilcake meal √ (4)
Feed Components
Feed A √
It has the highest protein content for growth √
Sodium/Na √

QUESTION 3
3.1
Structures for animal control
A/D/E √
(a) Resistant to heat and drought/hardy animal Dark skin/ pigmentation/adapted to local harsh conditions √
Very good walkers/strong legs √
(c) Very resistant to pests and parasites √
• High milk production /produce healthy and heavy weaners √
• Strong maternal instincts √ (Any 2)
The heat energy that was supposed to be used to keep them
warm √
will now be used to maximize production √
by the provision of shelter animals are kept cooler/more protected from the heat √
and will produce at higher levels √
Graph of temperature requirement for broiler chickens
At a very young age the temperature requirements is high (35 °C) and gradually becomes less up to 4 weeks of age √
It then stays constant at 20 °C √
Temperature requirements of broiler chicken√
Age in weeks√
Abnormal behaviours of livestock
hurts the animals or another √
• Abnormal reproductive behaviours √
Goat handling facility
Yes an intensive unit √ and
Capital intensive √
Kept in high density/restricted area √
Special feeding facilities/specially formulated feeds √
Animals controlled and carefully supervised √
There is a control of environmental factors √ (Any 2)
(c) C/E √
Animal manure is placed in a pit/compost heap/dumping site/landfill Animals in transit
Do not combine young and old animals together √
The floor of the truck must not be slippery √
Obtain a movement permit/other relevant documents √
Strong structures/enclosure √ (Any 3)
Meat is bruised/bloody √
Delayed rigor mortis √
Poor colour/pale meat √
Meat gets tough √ (Any 2)

QUESTION 4

4.1
The process of spermatogenesis
The primary male sex cells develop in the tubules of the testis √
form spermatozoa √
Testis √
Spermatocytogenesis √
The halving of the number of chromosomes in the reproductive cells √
To transport the genetic information to the reproductive cells (outflanking) √
Hypoplasia √
Cryptorchidism √
Sperm defects √ (Any 2)
Hormone levels of farm animals
A – FSH √
C – progesterone √
Symptoms of oestrus √
Ovulation/rupturing of the follicle/release of ovum √
The corpus luteum secrete the hormone progesterone √
Flushing of fertilised eggs/embryos from the female uterus/embryo transplantation √
flushing medium is used to move the embryos in the uterus √
The flushing medium is firstly injected into the uterus through the reproduction canal √ and
Then the flushing medium is forced out of the animal to catch the embryos √
The liquid medium protects the embryos while it is moved √ (Any 3)
A large number of offspring from a single superior animal √
Surrogate/recipient cows now reproduce valuable offspring √
Indigenous knowledge of controlling animal diseases and pests
Acaricides/contact poison √
Systemic formulation/drugs √
Ricin/organic extracts √
• Ricin is easily obtainable from the castor-bean plant √
cheap√
• The extraction process of ricin is not complicated√
• No threat of environmental pollution √
• They are not highly poisonous to the human beings/farm workers√ (Any 2)
The name of the pest that is associated with mange: • Mites/ascaris√
Poor penetration√ into the fur and skin√
Label of Lintex medication
Act 36 of 1947 √
Dry places √ (Any 1)
50% effective in more than 50% of the treated animals √
= 1 200 mℓ/1,2 litre √
= 150 mℓ √
Total: 1 200 mℓ + 150 mℓ = 1 350 mℓ √
Rotational grazing √
Avoid wet places √
Avoid keeping animals in pens √
Use biological/indigenous methods of control √ (Any 2)
TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL:

Source: http://www.besteducation.co.za/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Agricultural-Sciences-P1-Feb-March-2011-Memo-Eng.pdf